Web Openings: Regularly spaced voids in the web of a steel beam that can affect its structural performance. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB): A failure mode in beams where they bend laterally and ...

The loadings on the left two structures correspond to stable loadings and allows the bar to return to the upright state, whereas the loading on the right (unstable) produces buckling where the ...

The study of buckling behavior and strength analysis of ... indicating that temperature gradients can adversely affect the structural integrity of these shells[1]. This finding emphasizes the ...