For example, a patent presents to a physician's office after having experienced substernal chest pain during the previous evening. The physician recommends hospitalization but the patient declines.

Chest pain is a common symptom that can result from various health conditions, ranging from mild issues like indigestion to severe emergencies like a heart attack. However, distinguishing between ...

Criteria of exclusion were substernal goiter, previous neck surgery, extracapsular cancer, history of gastro-esophageal reflux and poor linguistic skill. This last condition was set because of the ...